Learn Cangjie

This first program prints "Hello World". Your main function does not need the func modifier. To run the program, copy the code to a .cj f...

In Cangjie, variable definition uses the following structure: Modifier Variable name: Variable type = Initial value Mutability modifiers:...

You can declare variables with one of two modifiers: var or let: var makes the variable mutable, while let makes it immutable. Cangjie ca...

Cangjie has various value types, including strings, integers, floats, booleans, etc. Here are a few basic examples. Strings can be added ...

This function takes 2 integers and returns their sum as an integer. Please note explicit returns are not required i.e last expression wil...

If you need to return multiple values from a function you can use tuples, and pattern matching. Return type of this function is a tuple c...

Branching with if and else in Cangjie is straight-forward. Basic example. if statement without an else. You can use logical operators lik...

Cangjie has both while and for loops. While the condition enclosed remains true, the loop runs for loop => j iterates 0 through to 3 exc...

A range is used to represent a sequence with a fixed step and is denoted by Range<T>. The for-in expression can be used to traverse a ran...

Arrays are declared as Array<T> where T represents the type. T can be any type. Arrays are a reference type variables C is initialised wi...

Strings in Cangjie are arrays of UInt8 underneath. Runes can represent any character in Unicode set and are converted from UInt8. Type in...

The string type is denoted by String and is classified into three types: single-line, multi-line, and multi-line raw string literals. \ c...

Enums in cangjie are preceded by the enum keyword, and define all possible values of the type. When match is used on an enum, it must cov...

Cangjie supports function overloading in multiple scenarios. Overloaded functions have the same name but differ in the number or type of ...

Match expressions use pattern matching in the following ways: | is used to connect multiple patterns. The wildcard pattern is defined by ...

HashMaps are included in the collection package, and must be imported to be used. HashMap is a reference type. When a HashMap is used as ...

The HashSet type is part of the collection package. It can be used to create sets that contain elements of a type that implements Hashabl...

If a type implements Iterable interface, we can range over it. All data structures in std.collection implement that interface. Therefore ...

To implement iteration functionality for user-defined type, it has to implement Iterable interface. User-created class that implements It...

Variadic functions can be called with any number of trailing arguments. This function will take any number of ints as arguments. Cangjie ...

Cangjie supports closures. You can only enclose immutable variables, this can naturally be by-passed by mutating mutable variables within...

Cangjie supports recursive functions. Simple function calculating factorial of a number. We can declare function inside functions, and th...

The if-let expression first evaluates the expression on the right of <- in the condition. If the value matches the pattern on the left of...

Option type is basically a box that either contains a value or is empty. It allows for performing computations which may fail. In this ca...

The following examples illustrate how to define structs. The Rectangle struct has 2 member variables, cangjie supports overloading for co...

Classes in cangjie are reference objects. This is one of the crucial differences between a class and a struct in Cangjie as a struct is a...

An interface is used to define an abstract type. An interface contains no data but can define a behavior of a type. If a type declares th...

Like most programming languages that support the class type, Cangjie supports class inheritance. If class B inherits class A, class A is ...

The instance member functions in a struct cannot modify the instance, to solve this, a mut function can be used. By using the mut modifie...

Functions have a type in Cangjie. Therefore we can create variables with function type and pass them to the functions. Function type is c...

Generic functions can by created by adding type parameter after the functions name. To enforce certain type constraints you use where syn...

To create a generic class in Cangjie, place any number of type parameters after the class name in <>. Then you can use your type paramete...

Input and output from the console is done through std.console. These function calls return an option type because the console may be unab...

In cangjie we use the classes StringReader and StringWriter to avoid manually manipulating Bytes Here we create ByteArrayStream() and use...

The fs package provides functions to parse and construct file paths in a way that is portable between operating systems (hopefully); dir/...

There is a lot of different functions available in Cangjie regarding directories. We only cover a small portion of them here. You can fin...

For all regexes command reference this website This is a string in which we will look for our pattern. Initialize the regex. Let's break ...

There are two types of sorting in cangjie, Stable sort and Unstable sort. Stable sort ensures that the sequence or equal elements remain ...

The json package can be imported as encoding.json. It supports processing of JSON data and conversion among String, JsonValue and DataMod...

The time package provides time-related types, including date and time, time interval, monotonic time, and time zone, and provides functio...

The random packages generates pseudo random numbers. The random class sets a seed in which it uses to generate random numbers, instance w...

You can easily create threads in Cangjie using spawn. Example function we will be calling. Suppose we have a function call f(s). Here’s h...

An atomic operation is an indivisible and uninterruptible unit of work that either completes entirely or has no effect, guaranteeing data...

Newly created threads in Cangjie can terminate early if the thread that created them terminates. However, you can use the return value of...

You can use ThreadLocal in the core package to create and use thread local variables.each thread can safely access its own thread local v...

A Mutex (mutual exclusion) is a synchronization primitive that acts like a lock, ensuring only one thread can access a critical section o...

Monitor is a built-in data structure that binds a mutex to a single related condition variable (wait queue). Monitor can block a thread a...

Cangjie supports transport protocols, including TCP. For more information see the official docs Set up port for communication. Function t...

Cangjie also supports UDP transmision protocol. For more information see the official docs Set the server port. Function to create UDP se...

The packet headers of requests and responses contain many fields, which are not described here. For more information see the official doc...

In Cangjie, exception types are class types, and there are two base exception classes: Error and Exception. Error and its subclasses desc...

Effect handlers are non-local control operations that allow programs to pause and resume execution. They are similar to exceptions but ex...

So far, examples we have shown on the previous slide have resumed immediately after handling the effect. However, we do have the option f...